In this paper, a new scheme for serial communication is proposed. In this method, in addition to the pulse states (high and low), either of negative slope or positive slope of the pulse (saw-tooth waveform) is employed as a representative for another digit. Using pulse slope as a representative for a separate digit will result in sending two-bit-digits using a single pulse, which doubles the transfer rate. The proposed scheme can be used in both synchronized and asynchronized communications and can improve communication speed. Through simulating the proposed scheme, it turned out that this method, because of its proper immunity to noise, can be used as a peripheral interface alongside in-chip communication. The main idea in the raised discussion is to obtain four different geometric pulse shapes acting as four different numbers in the quaternary numeric system, in which it can be serialized/desrialized as easy as pulse states. This proposed method and the suggested system for serialization and deserialization of data can be an adequate alternative in high-speed communication approaches.

Background and Objectives: Trichophyton violaceum is one of the dermatophyte fungi which invades the skin, nail and pair of humans. Few studies were carried out in the field of molecular biology of this fungus. This study aimed to evaluate the presence of the squalene epoxidase ENCODING GENE in Trichophyton violaceum.Materials and Methods: This sectional study was performed on the Trichophyton violaceum  isolated from the patients who were visited at department of Mycology, Medical division of Tehran University. Following DNA extraction, the squalene epoxidase ENCODING GENE was amplified by peR preformed and its specified primers. The amplified GENE was finally sequenced and its aminoacid sequences were identified.Results: Based on electrophoresis of peR products, a fragment with 600bp nt was observed, which confirmed the amplification of squalene epoxidase GENE. This GENE was recorded in the national the NeBI GENE bank as JX869101. This GENE encodes a polypeptide with 220 aminoacids. peR Nucleotide sequence comparison of this new GENE with other existing GENEs in the GENE bank revealed a significant homology with squalene epoxidase GENEs in other members of the fungi and other eukaryotes, as well.Conclusion: The aminoacid sequence of the encoded protein was about 78% identical to the sequence of squalene epoxidase from other fungi.

Background: Pathogenic mycobacteria are a major cause of human morbidity and mortality. Mycobacterium tuberculosis is an etiological agent of human tuberculosis (TB). Designing new vaccines, including DNA vaccines, may be a useful strategy for preventing TB.Objectives: The purpose of this study was to design and construct an eukaryotic expression vector containing M. tuberculosis.Materials and Methods: Genomic DNA of M. tuberculosis H37Rv cultured on Lowenstein Jensen medium was extracted, and cfp10 was amplified by PCR. After digesting the PCR product and the plasmid, the cfp10 fragment was ligated into the vector pcDNA3.1 (+). Correct insertion was confirmed by colony PCR, restriction enzyme digestion, and sequencing.Results: Electrophoresis of the PCR product on gel showed a 303-bp target fragment. Colony PCR, restriction enzyme digestion, and Sequencing methods confirmed the accuracy of the GENE cloning. Colony PCR and restriction enzyme digestion confirmed the cloning.Conclusions: Cloning of cfp10 of M. tuberculosis into an eukaryotic expression vector was performed successfully. We propose this recombinant plasmid for inducing immunity in animal models in future studies. This recombinant vector can also be used in the construction of fusion proteins.

Philadelphia chromosome can be founding 95% of patients with chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) by cytoGENEtic studies. The fused bcr/abl is transcribed in two types of chimeric mRNA. RT-PCR amplification of these two transcripts have been designed to give two different size products. This assay can detect one positive bcr/abl expressing cell in a back ground of 106 negative bcr/abl cells. The power of this assay is the detection of minimal residual disease (MRD) between 6-12 months following bone marrow transplantation (BMT) is an independent and significant factor that predicts the relapse in future. The aim of optimization was to detect β2 microglobulin (β 2M) mRNA. Detection of β2 mRNA and absence of bcr/abl indicates that the patient is negative for MRD and as a result, there is molecular remission in addition to clinical remission. To monitor MRD we tested a patient's blood sample who had tolerated allogenic BMT 7 years ago. bcr/abl wasn't detected in this patient and only β2 M was observed. This result confirmed the absence of MRD in this case. To effectively monitor minimal leukemic activity after BMT, we used a competitive RT- PCR to quantify expression of the characteristic bcr/abl fusion GENE mRNA in patients with CML.    

Background and Aims: The ectodomain of matrix protein of influenza virus is a weak immunogen that is highly conserved among all subtypes of influenza A virus. Tandem repeats of these GENEs along with linker were used to enhance immunogenicity of M2e protein and so it can be served as a universal vaccine in both humans and livestock.Materials and Methods: In this study, the sequences of extra-domain of matrix protein of influenza A registered in NCBI was converted into codons compatible for Bacillus subtilis using JAVA codon adaptation tool software.Results: A cassette consist of four repeats of this codon optimized sequence, spaced by appropriate linkers and flanked by BamHI and HindIII restriction sites was designed and thoroughly used for the synthesis. The cassette then was cloned into pMR12 shuttle expression vector.Conclusion: Two kinds of prokaryotic host, E. coli BL21and Bacillus subtilis WB600 were transformed by pMR12+4M2e. The fidelity of the construct in both transformants was confirmed by enzymatic analysis and PCR.

Bacteriocins are ribosomally synthesized proteins/peptides that have bacteriocidal or bacteriostatic trait against genitically closed species. Bacteriocins have role as biopreservative and increase of the safety of food products. Study on native strains of lactobacillus plantarum (DL2, BL1, L28, L27, L25 and EL3) that their growth inhibition ability had been analyzed, was performed. after approving inhibition ability of strains by disk diffusion in previous study, to investigate bacteriocin ENCODING GENE, polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was performed by specific primers. The correspondant region was amplified in L25, BL1, EL3and L28 strains. Using designed primers and sequencing could be shown that EL3 strain contained the structural GENEs for the bacteriocins plnEF, plnJK and plnN, howover, the Lb. plantarum strain BL1 andL28 contained only the structural GENEs for plantaricin EF production. sequences showed %99 similarity with bacteriocin GENEs ofLactobacillus plantarum strains recorded in GENE Bank database. The sequences were submitted at NCBI with accession numbers of EL3 (KT028600), L28 (KT028601) and BL1(KT028602).

Background and Aim: Leptospirosis is one of the most common zoonotic diseases worldwide, occurring mostly in tropical, subtropical, temperate, and humid regions with heavy rainfall. It is important to diagnose this condition correctly and promptly. Loa22 is an outer membrane protein exposed to the surface in some Leptospira serovars. The purpose of this study was to determine the presence of the GENE ENCODING Loa22 protein in Leptospira interrogans serovars. Materials and Methods: The present study was conducted on 23 pathogenic leptospira serovars and two non-pathogenic leptospira serovars. These serovars were prepared from the Reference Laboratory for Leptospira, Department of Microbiology, Razi Vaccine, and Serum Research Institute, Karaj, Iran. After genomic DNA extraction using the standard phenol-chloroform method, loa22 GENE was amplified by specific primers. Results: PCR was performed on the loa22 GENE by producing a 671-bp fragment. The results showed that the loa22 GENE was present in all 23 pathogenic leptospira serovars but not in the non-pathogenic L. biflexa. The specificity of tested primers was confirmed as well. Conclusion: The loa22 GENE is a specific GENE for pathogenic leptospira serovars that is not found in saprophytic serovars, so it is suggested that this GENE be used to detect leptospira pathogenic serovars.

Objective: Influenza virus A (H1N1) is an important subtype of the influenza respiratory viruses, which has important worldwide implications. Hemagglutinin (HA), an important viral antigen, is responsible for binding to human cell receptors leading to an onset of the disease process. Considering the critical role of viral attachment, this study focuses on the extraction and cloning of HA and its large subunit HA1 GENEs to GENErate recombinant baculovirus shuttle vectors (bacmid) in order to produce recombinant proteins in insect cells. Methods: Human influenza virus A/New Caledonia 99/20/(H1N1) was propagated in MDCK cell culture. Total viral RNA was extracted using easy-red solution. The full-length HA genome and HA1 fragment were amplified by RT-PCR using specific primers, cloned into a pGEM®-TEasy vector, and then subcloned into a pFastBac HT plasmid. Finally, recombinant bacmids that contained the GENEs of interest were produced in E. coli DH10BacTM cells.Results: Expected PCR products of HA GENEs were evaluated through gel electrophoresis and restriction enzyme analysis. Recombinant pGEM®-TEasy vectors and pFastBac HT donor plasmids were confirmed by PCR, digestion, and sequencing. Construction of recombinant bacmid DNA was verified by using blue-white colony screening, overnight electrophoresis, and PCR analysis that used either pUC/M13 or GENE-specific primers. Conclusion: In this study, we have successfully constructed recombinant Bacmid DNA that encoded the full-length HA genome and its HA1 subunit. We intend to transfect sf9 insect cells with these constructs to GENErate recombinant baculovirus and produce large amounts of desired proteins for future studies.